Fluctuations around nonequilibrium states. Thermodynamic and stochastic approaches to the origin of the time asymmetry in
nonequilibrium systems and their fluctuations and formulations of the second law of thermodynamics in small systems affected by thermal
and molecular fluctuations are being developed. Of special interest are large-deviation properties of nonequilibrium fluctuations in
relation with the chaotic and fractal properties of dynamical systems sustaining transport processes such as diffusion, leading
to the dérivation of fluctuation theorems and counting statistics of particle and energy fluxes across open systems.